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考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫(xiě)作技巧與得分關(guān)鍵
考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫(xiě)作技巧與得分關(guān)鍵,從2005年開(kāi)始,研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題增加了A節(jié)應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作部分。其要求考生根據(jù)所給情景寫(xiě)出100字左右的應(yīng)用性短文,總分10分,文體包括私人或公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、便條、報(bào)告、摘要等。
一、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作要求考生能夠根據(jù)寫(xiě)作目的和特定讀者,恰當(dāng)選用語(yǔ)域,合理組織文章,使內(nèi)容連貫、統(tǒng)一,并做到語(yǔ)法正確,用詞恰當(dāng)。評(píng)分側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋和語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性,其具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:
第五檔(9~10)分:很好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。包含所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);使用豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語(yǔ)言自然流暢,語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤極少;有效地使用多種銜接手法;格式與語(yǔ)域恰當(dāng)貼切。
第四檔(7~8)分:較好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。包含所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),允許漏掉一兩個(gè)要點(diǎn);使用較豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語(yǔ)言基本準(zhǔn)確,允許有個(gè)別錯(cuò)誤;采用了恰當(dāng)?shù)你暯邮址,層次清晰;格式與語(yǔ)域較恰當(dāng)。
第三檔(5~6)分:雖漏掉一些內(nèi)容,但包含多數(shù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)言和詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)能滿(mǎn)足任務(wù)的要求;有一些語(yǔ)法及詞匯錯(cuò)誤,但不影響理解;采用了簡(jiǎn)單的銜接手法,內(nèi)容連慣;格式與語(yǔ)域基本合理。
第二檔(3~4)分:未能按要求完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。
第一檔(1~2)分:未完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。
根據(jù)上述的具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可以看出小作文仍然采用總體評(píng)分法,先根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言確定所屬檔次,然后再具體給分。閱卷專(zhuān)家對(duì)各個(gè)檔次做出了非常形象生動(dòng)的總結(jié):五檔"漂漂亮亮",四檔"整整齊齊",三檔"馬馬虎虎",二檔"亂七八糟",一檔"一塌糊涂"。
除內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言外,字?jǐn)?shù)與書(shū)寫(xiě)也會(huì)影響得分。字?jǐn)?shù)不夠的,一般酌情扣分,而多出的字?jǐn)?shù)一般不加分。此外,如果作文中直接使用提示語(yǔ)中的原句,則字?jǐn)?shù)不算在內(nèi),因此只能使用提示語(yǔ)中的某些關(guān)鍵詞。如果書(shū)寫(xiě)太差,影響閱卷老師的理解,也會(huì)扣分。
二、考研真題及分析
考研小作文為應(yīng)用文。從形式上,都要遵從一定的格式;從內(nèi)容上,要點(diǎn)已經(jīng)明確給出,考研教育網(wǎng)建議只需根據(jù)提綱要求展開(kāi)寫(xiě),不用有太多的發(fā)揮;從語(yǔ)言上,語(yǔ)句要簡(jiǎn)潔,開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山。
2005年小作文真題:
Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. But now you find that the job is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
從內(nèi)容上來(lái)看,2005年真題為一封道歉信。信函的書(shū)寫(xiě)一般包括如下幾個(gè)部分:
1.稱(chēng)呼:Dear (Sir or Madam/ Mr. Wang/ Jane)
2.主體
首段開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,點(diǎn)明主題:I am writing this letter to inform/tell you that I will be resigning from my present position in your department.
中間段把第一段內(nèi)容具體化:It has been a great pleasure to work with you in the past two months.(先表示禮貌)But my current position as an editor doesn't quite suit to my personal interests and career plan. As I majored in finance in college, I really want to work in the business field.
結(jié)尾段重申主題,表示感謝:I sincerely hope that you could accept my resignation and apology and thank you very much for all your help in the past months.
3.落款:Li Ming (切記根據(jù)要求落款為L(zhǎng)i Ming,不要寫(xiě)自己的名字)
2006年小作文真題:
Directions: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry your own plan.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
從2006年小作文來(lái)看,內(nèi)容仍為信函,指示語(yǔ)的第二部分與2005年完全相同。因此在寫(xiě)作時(shí)只需遵循書(shū)信寫(xiě)作的基本格式,在主體部分涵蓋要點(diǎn)即可。2006年的求助信要點(diǎn)如下:
1.求助理由(開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山):I am writing this letter to ask if you could help me find a child in your area as a beneficiary of Project Hope.
2.具體要求:I hope to offer help to a school-aged girl from a poor family, for I know that girls are often deprived of their rights of schooling due to poverty.
3.如何進(jìn)行幫助:I will send 1,000 to the girl by mail every term once I can get specific information about her.
2007年小作文真題:
Directions: Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
2007年小作文仍舊是信函寫(xiě)作,從內(nèi)容上看是一封建議信,寫(xiě)作思路與05、06年相同。
2008年小作文真題:
Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.
2008小作文與2005年一樣,寫(xiě)一封道歉信。因此寫(xiě)作格式與思路相同,只需把主體部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行改變。2008年的道歉信主體部分主要涵蓋兩大要點(diǎn):
1.道歉:I am awfully sorry that I forgot to return your music CD to you.
2.解釋?zhuān)槭裁礇](méi)有歸還CD,理由有道理即可):When I was packing, I confused your CD with mine and put it in my luggage. Then it was not until I arrived home and unpacked my belongings that I discovered your CD right in my suitcase.
3.提出解決方法:I will post you the CD tomorrow and again I sincerely hope that you could accept my apologies.
三、小作文寫(xiě)作技巧
筆者作為閱卷教師,從1999年開(kāi)始參加研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試卷批卷工作,歷時(shí)數(shù)載,并結(jié)合其他英語(yǔ)考試,如PETS小作文,四、六級(jí)寫(xiě)作等,對(duì)英語(yǔ)作文的寫(xiě)作技巧與注意事項(xiàng)總結(jié)如下:
1.小作文要覆蓋所有信息點(diǎn)。一般閱卷教師在批改小作文時(shí),都會(huì)找點(diǎn),如果提綱中的幾點(diǎn)有遺漏,一定會(huì)扣分。以2006年小作文為例,提綱中要 求信中涵蓋3點(diǎn):寫(xiě)信理由(求助理由)、對(duì)孩子(幫助對(duì)象)的具體要求、如何幫助,這三點(diǎn)在作文中都要提到。因此,小作文寫(xiě)作前一定要認(rèn)真審題,把要點(diǎn)劃 出,以免遺漏。
2.小作文要注意格式。應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作都有一定格式。
如果是信件,應(yīng)該有稱(chēng)呼(Dear…)、主體段、結(jié)尾(Sincerely…)。根據(jù)試題要求,一般不用寫(xiě)日期與地址。稱(chēng)呼一般放在左上角,而 結(jié)尾放在右下角。信函稱(chēng)呼一般以Dear開(kāi)頭,如果收信人的具體姓名和性別不詳,后面可以加Sir or Madam,例如2006、2007年書(shū)信開(kāi)頭稱(chēng)呼都可以為:Dear Sir or Madam;如果收信人身份較高或年齡較長(zhǎng),則可以在Dear后面加上Mr./Ms./Director和姓即可,如2005年書(shū)信稱(chēng)呼可以為:Dear Mr. Wang;如果作者與收信人為朋友關(guān)系或比較熟悉,稱(chēng)呼可以直接為Dear加上名字,例如Dear Bob。
備忘錄(memo)屬于公文的一種,包括heading和正文兩大
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