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考研英語:語法大全(考研英語:語法大全(動(dòng)詞不定式)
助動(dòng)詞的形式與作用
1)英語常用的助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)有shall,will,should,would,be,have,do等。助動(dòng)詞一般無詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞在句中的作用,在于幫助構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)等。如:
China has entered a great new era.中國(guó)已進(jìn)入了一個(gè)偉大的新時(shí)期。(幫助構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài))
Some boys are playing on the grass.一些男孩正在草地上玩。(幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
Mother is written by Gorky.《母親》是高爾基寫的。(幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài))
We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨,我們就賽足球。(幫助構(gòu)成將來時(shí)態(tài)和否定結(jié)構(gòu))
Do you see my point?你明白我的意思嗎?(幫助構(gòu)成疑問結(jié)構(gòu))
注:在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,not須放在助動(dòng)詞后面。
2)助動(dòng)詞加not一般都有簡(jiǎn)略式,用于口語中。如:
is not-isn't would not——wouldn't
are not——aren't [B:nt] have not——haven't
was not —— wasn't has not——hasn't
were not—— weren't [wE:nt] had not——hadn't
shall not——shan't [FB:nt] do not——don't [dEunt]
will not——won't [wEunt] does not——doesn't
should not——shouldn't did not——didn't
be
助動(dòng)詞
be的形式變化和動(dòng)詞be.be作為助動(dòng)詞的用法有下列幾種:
1)be后跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞可以構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
The driver is cleaning the car.司機(jī)在擦車。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我們?cè)谟懻撘粋(gè)新的計(jì)劃。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我國(guó)婦女在社會(huì)主義建設(shè)中正起著重要的作用。
2) be后跟動(dòng)詞的過去分詞可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.許多消費(fèi)品都是尼龍作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October.花展通常于10月在此舉行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理內(nèi)部停止?fàn)I業(yè)。
3)be加動(dòng)詞不定式有下列各種用法:
a)表示未來的安排或計(jì)劃。如:
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表團(tuán)定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回來。
b)表示必要或命令或問對(duì)方的意志。如:
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你們明天要交練習(xí)。
Where am I to put these tools?這些工具應(yīng)該放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么辦?
c)表示“可能”,與can或may相仿。如:
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能斷定他今晚是否能來。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪兒也找不著我的鑰匙。
d) be + about +動(dòng)詞不定式則表計(jì)劃即將,如:
The meeting is about to begin.會(huì)議即將開始。
have
的過去式是had.Have (had)作為助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞一起,構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生已經(jīng)四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他還沒有決定呢。
A woman came in with a baby,who had just swallowed a safety pin.一個(gè)婦女帶進(jìn)來一個(gè)剛吞進(jìn)一個(gè)別針的嬰兒。
[注] have的簡(jiǎn)略式是've,has的簡(jiǎn)略式是's,had的簡(jiǎn)略式是'd,如
I've,you've,he's,I'd,we'd,he'd,they'd等。
do
的過去式是did.do (did)作為助動(dòng)詞,有下列一些用法:
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過去一般時(shí)的疑問句和否定句。如:
Do you know each other?你們兩人認(rèn)識(shí)嗎?
How do you find the climate here?你覺得這里的氣候怎么樣?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早飯后她沒有去醫(yī)院,她照常上班去了。
2)構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。如:
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗枝大葉。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困難只管來。
3)加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語氣。如:
I do think he is right.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是對(duì)的。
Do come often.一定常來呀。
Do ask,if you have any questions.如果有問題,務(wù)必提出。
4)用于倒裝句中。如:
Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那時(shí),我才了解到科學(xué)的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我從未想到會(huì)在那里看到他。
5)還可用來代替主要?jiǎng)釉~,以避免重復(fù)。較常用在簡(jiǎn)略答語中。如:
Does he also study geography?他也學(xué)地理嗎?――Yes,he does.是的,他也學(xué)地理。
Did it snow a lot last week?――Yes,it did.上星期雪下得多嗎? ——是的,下得很多。
He works even harder than you do.他比你還要用功。
注:上面最后一句中的do應(yīng)喚作替代詞,只是為了初學(xué)者的方便而放在助動(dòng)詞項(xiàng)下。
shall和Will
助動(dòng)詞
shall本身沒有詞義,只用在第一人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多為will所代替)。在將來一般時(shí)中,shall后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
I shall think it over.我要好好考慮一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你別擔(dān)心。我們都會(huì)告訴你的。
助動(dòng)詞
will本身沒有詞義,只用在第二、三人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中。will在將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下個(gè)月將是二十五歲。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你們明天有英語考試。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天氣預(yù)報(bào)明天有大雨。
should和would
助動(dòng)詞
should是shall的過去式,它本身沒有詞義,用于第一人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多用would)。should在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night.我們被告知那天夜里我們就要看見寶島了。
助動(dòng)詞
would是will的過去式,它本身沒有詞義,用于第二、三人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中。would在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
He said that he would always remember that day.他說他將永遠(yuǎn)記住那一天。
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