語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)八：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）
一、動(dòng)詞的分類和形式：
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞。動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣3種形式的變化。
1、動(dòng)詞按其能否獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)而分為："謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞"和"非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞"兩種
2、動(dòng)詞的4種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
3、動(dòng)詞按其構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組作用分為：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。1）實(shí)義動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞；2）連系動(dòng)詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過(guò)程。
4、五種不同的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：1）"動(dòng)詞+介詞"；2）"動(dòng)詞+副詞"；3）"動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞"；4）"動(dòng)詞+名詞（或代詞）+介詞"；5）"be+形容詞（包括相當(dāng)于形容詞的過(guò)去分詞+介詞"。
二、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法：1）表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。2）表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客觀事實(shí)或真理。4）表示按照計(jì)劃安排好的將來(lái)行為。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等開(kāi)始或移動(dòng)意義的詞。）
2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：1）表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2）敘述過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的事情。3）表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法：1）表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2）表示將來(lái)的經(jīng)常動(dòng)作。
4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法：1）表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。（說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定進(jìn)行。）
5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行進(jìn)的用法：1）過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2）表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：come, start, stay, leave, go等詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。3）was going to do可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：1）表示剛剛完成的動(dòng)作，常與just連用。2）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生而持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來(lái)。常與since, for連用，但for, since不能與終止性的動(dòng)詞連用。3）表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，它表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響。一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常表示在過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)什么聯(lián)系。2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的行為；一般過(guò)去時(shí)著重過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的某一具體動(dòng)作。
8、過(guò)去完成的用法：1）表示在過(guò)去某一或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。常與by, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或上下文暗示。2）表示由過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，常和for（有時(shí)可省去）或since 構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
9、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法：表示對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
練習(xí)一：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. comi