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英文寫作 文章的構(gòu)建模式
武俠小說(shuō)里的大俠常常武功蓋世，“小李飛刀”的“刀”已出神入化，但也是源于最初的基本套路；現(xiàn)代化的高樓大廈可以風(fēng)格迥異，卻也都是構(gòu)建于最基本的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)之上。英語(yǔ)寫作也不例外，寫好它，有一套常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式。今天我們就奉獻(xiàn)給大家一盤“豐盛的大餐”，花8分 鐘認(rèn)真地讀完它，你可能會(huì)提高2－3分，花15分鐘仔細(xì)地研究一番，那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分檔啦！好吧，現(xiàn)在就開始行動(dòng)吧！
英語(yǔ)寫作一般包括一個(gè)開頭段、一至兩個(gè)擴(kuò)展段和一個(gè)結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴(kuò)展段短。各種段落的作用、特點(diǎn)和寫作方法如下所示。
一、開頭段
開頭段一定要語(yǔ)言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對(duì)主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴(kuò)展段進(jìn)行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可。
開頭段的作用：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，表明寫作意圖。
【寫作要點(diǎn)】
寫開頭段時(shí)考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題:
1) 開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn)；
2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；
3) 內(nèi)容不具體，言之無(wú)物；
4) 使用不言自明的陳述。
【方法例釋】
寫作文時(shí)，好多考生也是覺得開頭難，其實(shí)，寫開頭段有多種表達(dá)方法，如主題句法、提問法、引語(yǔ)法、數(shù)據(jù)法、背景法、定義法，等等，下面分別講解開頭的幾種展開方法:
1. 主題句法：開篇點(diǎn)明主題，用主題句，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。例如：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one？s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
2. 提問法：提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。例如：
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work？based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
3. 引語(yǔ)法：使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。例如：
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
4. 數(shù)據(jù)法：使用具體詳實(shí)的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。例如：
In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
5. 背景法：給出背景，描述具體事件的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和發(fā)生背景等，例如：
Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
6. 定義法：針對(duì)討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。例如：
It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous.
從崇高到荒謬只有一步之遙。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
【他山之石】
開頭段常用核心句型
開頭段的常用核心句型，選一選適合你自己的“武器”：
1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ....
2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that....
3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that....
4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that....
5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that....
6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that....
7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.
8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that....
9) To assume that...is far from being proved.
10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is.
11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that....
12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts....
13) The problem / fact is that....
14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that....
16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with ....
17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that....
18) Currently, there is a general concern over....
19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether....
20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case?
Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it.
常人只想如何消磨時(shí)間，智者則努力利用時(shí)間。
二、中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。中間段的篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長(zhǎng)，每段有相應(yīng)的主題句，說(shuō)明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句可以采用實(shí)例、數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段。
【寫作要點(diǎn)】
中間段的具體寫作要點(diǎn)如下：
1) 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、清楚，頗具說(shuō)服力；
2) 段落中一定具備主題句；
3) 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說(shuō)明不足之處或多余冗長(zhǎng)的細(xì)節(jié)；
4) 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強(qiáng)；
5) 段落之間連貫自然；
6) 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當(dāng)；
7) 詞與句型運(yùn)用合理并且有變化。
【方法例釋】
正如我們?cè)诘谄咛旌偷诎颂熘兴榻B的，段落展開的基本方法很多，這里簡(jiǎn)要介紹三種中間段中常用的展開方法：列舉法、因果法、例證法。
1. 列舉法：用來(lái)列舉一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章層次分明，眉清目秀，閱卷老師在疲憊不堪的狀態(tài)下，看到這樣的文章，往往會(huì)有種在清澈的小溪邊小憩片刻的感覺，手一抬，分就高。下面這篇例文寫的是“健身的幾種方法”，脈絡(luò)一目了然。例文如下：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.
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