2016考研英語：把握閱讀中的主題詞

在基礎(chǔ)階段，考研英語閱讀起到重要的橋梁作用。在做閱讀理解的過程中，許多考生在讀文章時(shí)，只關(guān)注單個(gè)單詞的含義，而沒有利用單詞之間的語義關(guān)聯(lián)來確定文章的中心或主題的意識(shí)，從而導(dǎo)致閱讀速度慢且效率不高，進(jìn)而影響到做題的準(zhǔn)確率�？佳虚喿x文章的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)就是中心單一、突出，即整個(gè)文章的說明或論述緊緊圍繞一個(gè)主題展開�？梢哉f文章的主題就是燈塔，所以考生在一開始就應(yīng)該抓住，圍繞主題再去讀文章，事半功倍。

那么，什么是文章的主題呢？考研文章的主題往往由兩到三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞組成，這些關(guān)鍵詞也可稱為主題詞。因此，在讀文章的過程中，考生們一定要有尋找主題詞的意識(shí)。一首樂曲，我們辨識(shí)它的高潮會(huì)通過它旋律的復(fù)現(xiàn)來捕捉，哪個(gè)旋律重復(fù)的次數(shù)最多，哪個(gè)就是最強(qiáng)音符。主題詞也是如此，它在文章或段落中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率會(huì)很高。大部分考生可能會(huì)以為復(fù)現(xiàn)高就是顯性復(fù)現(xiàn)，即原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。其實(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，主題詞常常會(huì)以隱性復(fù)現(xiàn)的方式出現(xiàn)，如近義復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義復(fù)現(xiàn)、同根復(fù)現(xiàn)、指代復(fù)現(xiàn)、上下義復(fù)現(xiàn)等。

以上談及的是主題詞的特點(diǎn)，概括來說有兩點(diǎn)：一是出現(xiàn)頻率高；二是詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)。抓住了主題詞，在選擇答案時(shí)盡量選擇含有主題詞的選項(xiàng)，正確的幾率就會(huì)高。但是，并不是所有出現(xiàn)頻次高的詞都能當(dāng)作主題詞，主題詞通常是語篇中的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞。

名詞表主題

When it comes to the slowing economy， Ellen Spero isn‘t biting her nails just yet. But the 47?year?old manicurist isn’t cutting， filing or polishing as many nails as she‘d like to， either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly， but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator”， she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they‘re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling， shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home， instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don‘t know if other clients are going to abandon me， too，” she says.

文中劃線名詞短語為考生提供了復(fù)現(xiàn)信息，即使沒完全讀懂，考生也能確定本段的主題是“疲軟的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”，每句話都沒離開這個(gè)主題。

動(dòng)詞表變化

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing， and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid 1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America‘s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

動(dòng)詞是各種變化最明顯的體現(xiàn)，它可以表明文中所述情況、作者態(tài)度以及情感的變化等。本段中出現(xiàn)的劃線動(dòng)詞都體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)從好到壞的變化趨勢(shì)，再結(jié)合文章話題，可以確定本段中心是：美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)霸主地位的喪失給人們的信心帶來的消極影響。

形容詞表態(tài)度

Even before Alan Greenspan‘s admission that America’s red hot economy is cooling， lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets， sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers， who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas， the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already， experts say， holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year‘s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned，not panicked， and many say they remain optimistic about the economy‘s long ?term prospects even as they do some modest belt tightening.

形容詞是作者對(duì)所論述話題的態(tài)度的直接體現(xiàn)。以此段為例，前半部分都是關(guān)于美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的描述，如果只看到這些，一定會(huì)認(rèn)為下文也應(yīng)該是一些消極方面的描述。但在But轉(zhuǎn)折之后，出現(xiàn)了一系列的形容詞，這是詞都具有積極的感情色彩，與前面的情況形成鮮明的對(duì)比，表明了作者的態(tài)度，也是本段段落中心的體現(xiàn)。

雖然，在考研閱讀思路中還有許多其他方式可以確定文章或段落的主題，但是當(dāng)文章話題比較陌生，語言比較晦澀難懂的時(shí)候，通過找主題詞來確定文章主題無疑會(huì)是一種簡(jiǎn)單有效的途徑。所以，希望考生們讀文章過程中樹立找主題詞的意識(shí)，幫助自己有效理解文章、快速解題。