英語語法練習(xí) 名詞的數(shù)
內(nèi) 容 提 要名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。普通名詞又分為個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞。在句子中可數(shù)名詞要么前邊加冠詞，要么用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)通常加s，但以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾的詞es；以"輔音字母＋y"結(jié)尾的詞把"y"變成"i"，再加es。不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)有其特殊形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞。名詞有主格(作主語)、賓格(作賓語)和屬格(表示所屬關(guān)系)。冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞，它們有其基本用法和特殊用法。數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞和分?jǐn)?shù)詞，數(shù)詞與名詞在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中要呼應(yīng)。
第一節(jié) 名 詞 的 數(shù)
一、可數(shù)名詞
1. 可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。在句中，名詞的單數(shù)形式前邊要有冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞，否則就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾s、es，或?qū)改為i再加es。但如果名詞前邊有表示單數(shù)的冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞，就不能用其復(fù)數(shù)形式
2. 有少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen
3. 英語里還有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化較為特殊，需特別注意
analysis→analyses, bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus真菌→fungi, phenomenon→phenomena,syllabus講義等的)摘要, 提綱; 課程提綱, 教程提綱→syllabi, thesis→theses
4. 有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)是一樣的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。
5. 如果前邊有表示復(fù)數(shù)的限定詞時(shí)名詞用其復(fù)數(shù)形式
6. 在形容詞最高級(jí)中，表示范圍的of后要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
7. 有些集體名詞在形式上是單數(shù)如people(人民，人們)，police(警察)，cattle(牲畜)，staff(全體人員，全體職員)，但它們表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)的含意。如果這些詞做主語，其謂語須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
8. hair和fruit一般情況下用單數(shù)，表示總體。但如果我們要表示若干根頭發(fā)或幾種水果時(shí)，就要用這兩個(gè)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. ("fruits"在此處意為"多種水果")
另外還要注意：police和cattle的謂語形式總是用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9. 名詞做定語時(shí)，不能用作復(fù)數(shù)
二、不可數(shù)名詞
1. 不可數(shù)名詞為物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(損害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(郵件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等
注：不可數(shù)名詞可以與表示量的可數(shù)名詞連用，借以表示"可數(shù)"的概念，我們可以加 a(n) piece ［sheet(張), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(條，則), bar(條), basket(籃子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(雙，對(duì)), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(陣) etc. ］，如：a piece of advice(一條建議) ／a basket of fruit(一籃水果) ／an item of information (一則信息)／a kind of protection(一種保護(hù))等。
2. 有些抽象名詞的意思可以轉(zhuǎn)變成為具體名詞，這時(shí)要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式
The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. ("damage"本來為不可數(shù)名詞"損害"，變復(fù)數(shù)后意思是"損失賠償費(fèi)"。)
單復(fù)數(shù)含義不同的名詞還有：communication(通訊)--communications(通訊系統(tǒng)，通訊工具)；cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)；content(內(nèi)容)--contents(目錄)；convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利設(shè)備)；humanity(人類)--humanities(人文科學(xué))；necessity(需要)--necessities(必需品)；pain(疼痛)--pains(辛勞)；ruin(毀滅)--ruins(廢墟，遺跡)；sand(沙子)--sands(沙地，沙灘)；wood(木材)--woods(樹林)；work(工作)--works(工廠，著作)。
另外，有些名詞通常只用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：fundamentals(基本原則)，goods(貨物), means(方法), rapids(急流)，shorts(短褲), sweets(歡樂), valuables (貴重物品)。
三、同步練習(xí)（Correct errors, if any,in the following sentences:）
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral water.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4.The letter contained important information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is a fun looking after children.
6.The congregation宗教的集會(huì)［會(huì)眾］was not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7.Poultries are dear in the city.
8.The board of director is shaking heads at the chairman's speech.
9.The merchandises have arrived undamaged.
四、答案
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperience.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral waters.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4.The letter contained an important piece of information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is fun looking after children.
6.The congregation were not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7.Poultry家禽(雞、火雞、鵝、鴨等); 雞類are dear in the city.
8.The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairman's speech.
9.The merchandise have arrived undamaged.